notes+for+TREATMENT+for+Breast+Cancer

= QUESTION: = || How Is surgery and hormone therapy used to treat breast cancer patients? || "Which Treatment for Breast Cancer?." __CancerHelp UK__. 30 Sep 2007. Cancer Research UK. 27 Mar 2009 .
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|| (words, index terms, keywords that helped you find your info) || Surgery, hormone therapy, treatment, breast cancer || w Whether patient has had menopause w The type of breast cancer w Size of breast tumor w Stage of breast cancer (how far it has grown and whether it has spread) w Grade of cancer cells (what they look like under microscope – growth rate) w Results of tests on cancer cells w The patient’s general health Main Treatments: I. Surgery A. Mastectomy – whole breast removed 1. Different Types: a. Simple Mastectomy – removes only breast tissue b. Radical Mastectomy – also removes muscles on chest wall (rare) c. Modified Radical Mastectomy – removes breast and lymph nodes under the arm and leaves the major chest wall muscles intact 2. Mastectomy is suitable if the patient has: a. a large lump, particularly in a small breast b. a lump in the middle of the breast c. more than one area of cancer in breast d. areas of DCIS in the rest of the breast Breast reconstruction can be offered after a mastectomy. B. Lumpectomy – only infected lump removed (also called Wide local excision) 1. means taking away just the cancer, and leaving behind as much healthy tissue as possible 2. surgeon will remove cancer along with a border of healthy tissue around it 3. tissue goes to pathologist who examines the borderline for any cancer cells 4. if the border is clear of cancer cells the patient can be sure that all cancer cells have been taken away. C. Segmentectomy – part of the breast removed Not often – like lumpectomy, but more breast tissue is taken away. Quadrantectomy removes about a quarter of the breast tissue, and result is more noticeable than a lumpectomy. Breast reconstruction is possible. D. Axillary clearance – removing all the lymph nodes under the arm 1. if the cancer spreads, it will most likely spread into nearby lymph nodes. 2. Patients can use an underarm ultrasound scan to check if the lymph glands look normal. II. Radiotherapy III. Hormone Therapy [] - hormones = substances that occur naturally in the body where they control the growth and activity growth and activity of normal cells. - Female hormones estrogen and progesterone are naturally produced by ovaries before menopause - After menopause, estrogen is created in much smaller amounts by small glands above the kidneys (adrenal glands) - Estrogen + progesterone affect growth of breast cancer cells - Isn’t suitable for everyone who has breast cancer. - Patient needs tests to see whether his/her cancer cells have estrogen/progesterone receptors. - Estrogen/progesterone receptors allow the hormone to lock onto the cancer cell, which stimulates it to grow. - Patients who have estrogen receptors on their cancer cells are called “ER positive” and those with progesterone receptors are called “PR positive” - Hormone therapy is only used on patients who are ER positive or PR positive - Types of hormone drugs include: - Aromatase inhibitors (blocks estrogen from being made in women who are past menopause) - Tamoxifen - Pituitary downregulators (blocks a hormone in the brain that stimulates ovaries to make and release estrogen) IV. Chemotherapy [] || w Mastectomy scar [] w Axillary clearance []  || = RESEARCH = = QUESTION: = || How can the treatments for breast cancer be categorized? || || (words, index terms, keywords that helped you find your info) || Treatment, breast cancer || · Record only important info · ** PARAPHRASE  ** · Try to find a short effective quote || Treatments can be classified into: __ Local Therapy __ Intended to treat a tumor without affecting the rest of the body. Ex. Surgery, radiation therapy __ Systemic Therapy __ Refers to drugs which can be eaten or injected directly into the bloodstream to reach cancer cells anywhere in the body. Ex. Chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy __ Adjuvant Therapy __ w Given to patients who have no detectable cancer after surgery. w Doctors believe cancer cells may break away from the primary breast tumor and spread through the body through the blood stream even in early stages. w Cells can’t be detected on physical exam or x-rays. w Cells cause no symptoms w Can establish new tumors in other organs/bones. w Goal of adjuvant therapy is to kill hidden cells. __ Neoadjuvant Therapy __ (Systemic surgery) used on some patients before surgery to shrink a tumor in hope a less extensive operation will be done. (usually chemotherapy) || · Ideas, reactions to information · Your opinions · Ways to present this info on your wiki · Images/video to support this || ||
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 * Try to find a short effective quote || When deciding type of treatment needed some factors considered are:
 * Try to find a short effective quote || When deciding type of treatment needed some factors considered are:
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 * Citation** (title, author, publication, date, URL, etc.) || " General Types of Treatment ." __Detailed Guide: Breast Cancer__. 02 Mar 2009. American Cancer Society. 25 Mar 2009 < http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Local_vs_Systemic_Therapy_5.asp?rnav=cri >.
 * Citation** (title, author, publication, date, URL, etc.) || " General Types of Treatment ." __Detailed Guide: Breast Cancer__. 02 Mar 2009. American Cancer Society. 25 Mar 2009 < http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Local_vs_Systemic_Therapy_5.asp?rnav=cri >.
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= RESEARCH = = QUESTION: = || How is radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy used to treat patients with breast cancer? ||  "Radiation Therapy." __Detailed Guide: Breast Cancer__. 02 Mar 2009. American Cancer Society. 27 Mar 2009 <http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Radiation_Therapy_5.asp?rnav=cri>. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;"> "Chemotherapy." __Detailed Guide: Breast Cancer__. 02 Mar 2009. American Cancer Society. 27 Mar 2009 <http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Chemotherapy_5.asp?rnav=cri>. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;"> "Hormone Therapy." __Detailed Guide: Breast Cancer__. 02 Mar 2009. American Cancer Society. 27 Mar 2009 <http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Hormone_Therapy_5.asp?rnav=cri>. || (words, index terms, keywords that helped you find your info) || Treatment, breast cancer || <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontweight: bold; msolist: Ignore;">· Record only important info <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontweight: bold; msolist: Ignore;">· ** PARAPHRASE  ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontweight: bold; msolist: Ignore;">· Try to find a short effective quote || <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">I. Radiation Therapy - Treatment with high-energy rays or particles that destroy cancer cells. - May be used to kill any cancer cells that remain in the breast, chest wall, or underarm area after breast-conserving surgery. - may also be needed after mastectomy if cancer is larger than 5 cm or it found in lymph nodes. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">A. External beam radiation (when radiation is focused from a machine outside the body on the area affected by the cancer) <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">1. extent of radiation depends on whether a lumpectomy or mastectomy was done and whether lymph nodes were involved <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">2. depending on the size and extent of the cancer, radiation may include the chest wall and the underarm area as well <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">3. is like getting an x-ray, but radiation is more intense. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">4. Painless, treatment only lasts a few minutes <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">B. Brachytherapy - Internal radiation (radioactive seeds or pellets are placed directly into the breast tissue next to the cancer. Tumor size, location and other factors may limit who can get brachytherapy.  <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">1.  Intracavitary brachytherapy  A deflated balloon attached to a thin tube is inserted into the space left by the lumpectomy and is filled with a salt water solution. The balloon and the tube are left in place throughout treatment, and twice a day a source of radioactivity is placed into the middle of the balloon through the tube and then removed. This is done for five days.  <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">2.  Interstitial brachytherapy Small hollow tubes (catheters) are inserted into the breast around the area of the lumpectomy and are left in place for a few days. Radioactive pellets are inserted into the tubes for short periods of time each day and then removed. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">II. Surgery <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">III. Chemotherapy Treatment using cancer-killing drugs that may be given intravenously (injected into a vein) or by mouth. Drugs travel through bloodstream to reach cancer cells. Situations when chemotherapy is recommended: <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">A. Adjuvant <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">1. given to patients after surgery who have no evidence of cancer spread <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">2. reduces the risk of breast cancer coming back. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">3. Goal is to kill any hidden cancer cells that have traveled from the breast. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">4. Cancer cells that break away from the primary breast tumor do not show up on imaging tests or physical exams. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">5. May create new tumors in other places in body if allowed to grow. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">B. Neoadjuvant <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">1. given before surgery <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">2. can shrink large cancers so that they are small enough to be removed by lumpectomy instead of mastectomy. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">C. For advanced breast cancer Chemotherapy can be used as the main treatment for women whose cancer has already spread outside the breast and underarm area at the time it is diagnosed. Side effects of chemotherapy include: <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">- hair loss <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">- mouth sores <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">- loss of appetite <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">- nausea and vomiting <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">- increased chance of infections (low white blood cell level) <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">- easy bruising or bleeding (low blood platelet level) <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">- fatigue (low red blood cell level) <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: ZH-CN;">IV. Hormone Therapy - Systemic therapy used as an adjuvant therapy to help reduce risk of cancer recurrence after surgery - Ovaries are a woman’s main source of the hormone estrogen until menopause - estrogen promotes growth of two out of three breast cancers || <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontweight: bold; msolist: Ignore;">· Ideas, reactions to information <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontweight: bold; msolist: Ignore;">· Your opinions <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontweight: bold; msolist: Ignore;">· Ways to present this info on your wiki <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontweight: bold; msolist: Ignore;">· Images/video to support this || ||
 * Citation** (title, author, publication, date, URL, etc.) || "Surgery for Breast Cancer." __Detailed Guide: Breast Cancer__. 02 Mar 2009. American Cancer Society. 27 Mar 2009 <http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Surgery_5.asp?rnav=cri>.
 * Citation** (title, author, publication, date, URL, etc.) || "Surgery for Breast Cancer." __Detailed Guide: Breast Cancer__. 02 Mar 2009. American Cancer Society. 27 Mar 2009 <http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Surgery_5.asp?rnav=cri>.
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">|| <span class="wiki_link">HOME || CAUSES OF BREAST CANCER || EFFECTS OF BREAST CANCER || TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER || PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER || OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT BREAST CANCER || NOTES ABOUT BREAST CANCER || MLA <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">