NOTES+Leukemia+Jenny+Karen+Emily

1. Causes of leukemia Bone marrow, bone marrow transplant, chemotherapy, granulocytes, hematopoiesis, immune system, lymphocytes, and oncogenes || Without enough oxygen, the "blue blood" is pumped to the lungs and causes the body to be unstable without oxygen After the Hiroshima and Nagasaki attacks on Japan, many people were exposed to radiation and developed leukemia Marie and Pierre Curie both developed leukemia as a result of their work with high levels of radium More effective cures for leukemia need to be found There should be more cancer research on leukemia to help prevent new cases ||
 * =Research Question:= || How is leukemia caused? ||
 * **Citation** || __Health and Illness: Leukemia.__ Katherine B. Frederich. Salem Press Inc. 1995. ||
 * **Key Words** || Leukemia:
 * **Notes** || * Blood contains erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
 * “In leukemia, leukocytes multiply at an increased rate, resulting in an abnormally high number of white cells.”
 * Patient becomes weak as a result of loss of oxygen; abnormal cells crowd bone marrow
 * Four main types: acute lymphocytic, acute granulocytic, chronic lymphocytic, and chronic granulocytic
 * 5 % of all cancer cases in the US
 * Environmental factors increase risk
 * Exposure to radiation, chemicals like chloramphenicol and benzene, and possible viruses
 * Radiation: first indication came from the early 1900s soon after the discovery of X rays and first uses of radiation to treat cancer
 * Chemicals: farmers and other agricultural workers exposed to pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers have 10-40% higher chance to get leukemia
 * Doctors who adminstered radiation got leukemia
 * Siblings of leukemia patients have higher risk to contract leukemia ||
 * **Ideas** || Leukemia spreads extremely quickly

2. Effects of leukemia

=QUESTION:= || What are the effects of leukemia? || granulocytes, hematopoiesis, immune system, lymphocytes, and oncogenes, hemorrhaging || Too many white blood cells destroy not only the dangerous bacteria but also helpful bacteria like E. coli Accumulation of white blood cells in tissue can cause nerve damage, leading to spinal cord injuries Other diseases may also affect the body because of more unmature white blood cells in the bone marrow ||
 * =RESEARCH=
 * **Citation** || __Leukemia.__ Siegel, Dorothy Schainman; Newton, David E. Instructional Horizons Inc. 1994. ||
 * **Keywords** || Leukemia:
 * **Notes** || * The loss of red blood cells and platelets effects the body through anemia
 * 1) Weakness
 * 2) Fatigue
 * 3) Pallor (paleness)
 * Excessive bleeding because of lost of platelets – hemorrhaging
 * White blood cells flow into the bloodstream, spreading to all of the organs and interfere with normal function
 * Accumulation in tissue, pressing against nerves causing pain
 * Acute leukemia causes death in a few weeks or months
 * Infection can be spread more quickly ||
 * **Ideas** || Excessive bleeding may result in large amounts of blood lost inside the body

3. Preventing leukemia =QUESTION:= || How is leukemia prevented? || Risk factors, radiation, radiation therapy, genes || 4. Treating leukemia =QUESTION:= || What are the treatments to leukemia? || Bone marrow, bone marrow transplant, chemotherapy || Leukemia kills 5.4 million every year, with 300 new diagnosis every day More leukemia research should be conducted || 5. Other facts about leukemia =QUESTION:= || Other facts about Leukemia. || __WD Symptoms of Leukemia.__ [] || Prognosis, symptoms || Symptoms: The prognosis to leukemia can determine whether or not recovery is a possibility ||
 * =RESEARCH=
 * **Citation** || Izenberg, Neil M.D. __Human Diseases and Conditions Volume 2.__ Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2000. ||
 * **Keywords** || Leukemia:
 * **Notes** || * Less exposure to high or repeated doses of radiation
 * Less exposure to chemicals such as benzene in gasoline ||
 * **Ideas** || More cancer research should be conducted in finding ways to prevent leukemia
 * Very little research does in this area ||
 * =RESEARCH=
 * **Citation** || __Leukemia.__ Siegel, Dorothy Schainman; Newton, David E. Instructional Horizons Inc. 1994. ||
 * **Keywords** || Leukemia:
 * **Notes** || * Chemotherapy
 * 1) Chemicals: compounds that interfere with the growth of abnormal white blood cells
 * 2) Side effects: loss of hair, nerve damage, etc.
 * Radiation therapy
 * 1) Radiation from X rays: directed at specific parts of the body
 * Bone Marrow Transplant
 * 1) High doses of chemotherapy and radiation to kill all of the bone marrow
 * 2) Patient given healthy bone marrow with similar tissue
 * 3) High risk of infection until transplanted bone marrow produces enough white blood cells ||
 * **Ideas** || Most treatments still have high chances of death: more safety regulations on cures to leukemia
 * =RESEARCH=
 * **Citation** || [|National Cancer Institute. Leukemia.]h ttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/leukemia
 * **Keywords** || Leukemia:
 * **Notes** || Prognosis:
 * Patient’s age
 * General health
 * Time since diagnosis
 * Fever
 * Chills
 * Anemia
 * Bleeding and bruising easily
 * Internal bleeding
 * Body pains ||
 * **Ideas** || Symptoms to leukemia may be similar to influenza, but also include bleeding and pain