notes+for+CAUSES+of+Breast+Cancer

= RESEARCH = = QUESTION: = || What are the causes of breast cancer? || (words, index terms, keywords that helped you find your info) || Breast cancer, causes, risk factors || - most likely a combination of risk factors that together make cells in the breast become cancerous - no one has full control RISK FACTORS DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL GROUPS: A. Family History/ Genetic Risks - having an immediate family member with history of Breast, Ovarian, or Prostate Cancer increases own risk of breast cancer. - chance will increase 3-4 times for woman with immediate family member with history of breast cancer to a woman with none - Mutations in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA 2 increase risk of breast and other cancers. - 60-90% of women with BRCA1 develop breast cancer - 30-85% of women with BRCA2 develop breast cancer - Can learn more about family history and information on genetic testing - Ashkenazi Jewish Heritage: higher percentage of carrying BRCA1 or 2 among these women B. Health and Medical History - Height: taller woman have increased risk - women over 5’3’’ have slightly higher risk than those under – growth spurts in youth may damage breast cells - Being Female – cancer 100 times more common among women than among men - Getting Older: as people get older, it becomes more likely that abnormal changes will take place in cells - 95% women with breast cancer are over 40 - High Breast Density (more tissue than fat) - women with very dense breasts are 4-5 times more likely to develop breast cancer than women with low density - Other risk factors include: - Carcinoma in Situ (large numbers of abnormal cells grow in the lobules of breasts) - radiation exposure in youth - high levels of estrogen in blood - high bone density (indicator of elevated blood estrogen) - benign breast conditions (non-cancerous breast disorders) -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> personal history of breast cancer - 12% women with breast cancer will develop it again after 20 years C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Reproductive Risks -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Menopause at Age 55 or older - women who go through menopause after age 55 have twice the risk for BC compared to women who go through it before 45 - the later a woman goes through menopause, the longer breast tissue is exposed to estrogen during menstrual cycle -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> First Period before Age 12 - 20% increase among women who has first period before age 12 compared to women who have it before 14 - related to amount of estrogen a woman is exposed to -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Current/Recent Use of Birth Control Pills -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Not Having Children/ Having First after Age 35 -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Postmenopausal Hormone Use D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Lifestyle Risks -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Overweight and Weight Gain - fat tissue contains enzyme called aromatase, aromatase converts hormones called androgens (made mostly in adrenal glands) to estrogens, extra estrogen increase BC risk - being overweight increases risk by 30-60% -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Drinking Alcohol - women who drink 2-3 alcoholic beverages per day have 20% greater risk than non-drinkers - alter the way body metabolizes estrogen - reduce blood levels of vitamin folic acid (helps with DNA synthesis and repair) -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Not Breastfeeding -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> High Socioeconomic Status (women tend to have first child at later age, have fewer children and breastfeed less) -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Lack of Exercise - exercise helps with weight control, delay first period until older, reduce frequency of menstrual cycles (can help to decrease total amount of estrogen exposed to) - women who are physically active regularly have 20% lower risk to regularly inactive women E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> || -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Cumulative risk of breast cancer in women who were aged 10-19 years when exposed to radiation from atomic bombs during the Second World War [] (Gy is the SI unit for ionizing radiation) ||
 * Citation** (title, author, publication, date, URL, etc.) || Komen, Susan G.. "Risk Factors and Prevention." __Susan G. Komen for the Cure__ (2009) 24 Mar 2009 <http://ww5.komen.org/breastcancer/loweryourrisk.html>.  ||
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 * Try to find a short effective quote || - even after 30 years of indentifying the risk factors of breast cancer, researchers still don’t what causes breast cancer
 * Try to find a short effective quote || - even after 30 years of indentifying the risk factors of breast cancer, researchers still don’t what causes breast cancer
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